Hand-eye Coordination Research Articles

Reliability and validity of a novel attention assessment scale (broken ring enVision search test) in the Chinese population

BackgroundThe correct assessment of attentional function is the key to cognitive research. A new attention assessment scale, the Broken Ring enVision Search Test (BReViS), has not been validated in China. The purpose of this study was to assess the reliability and validity of the BReViS in the Chinese population.MethodsFrom July to October 2023, 100 healthy residents of Changzhou were selected and subjected to the BReViS, Digital Cancelation Test (D-CAT), Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT), and Digit Span Test (DST). Thirty individuals were randomly chosen to undergo the BReViS twice for test–retest reliability assessment. Correlation analysis was conducted between age, education level, gender, and various BReViS sub-tests including Selective Attention (SA), Orientation of Attention (OA), Focal Attention (FA), and Total Errors (Err). Intergroup comparisons and multiple linear regression analyses were performed. Additionally, correlation analyses between the BReViS sub-tests and with other attention tests were also analyzed.ResultsThe correlation coefficients of the BReViS sub-tests (except for FA) between the two tests were greater than 0.600 (p < 0.001), indicating good test–retest reliability. The Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was 0.874, suggesting high internal consistency reliability. SA showed a significant negative correlation with the net score of D-CAT (r = −0.405, p < 0.001), and a significant positive correlation with the error rate of D-CAT (r = 0.401, p < 0.001), demonstrating good criterion-related validity. The correlation analysis among the results of each sub-test showed that the correlation coefficient between SA and Err was 0.532 (p < 0.001), and between OA and Err was-0.229 (p < 0.05), whereas there was no significant correlation between SA, OA, and FA, which indicated that the scale had good informational content validity and structural validity. Both SA and Err were significantly correlated with age and years of education, while gender was significantly correlated with OA and Err. Multiple linear regression suggested that Err was mainly affected by age and gender. There were significant differences in the above indexes among different age, education level and gender groups. Correlation analysis with other attention tests revealed that SA negatively correlated with DST forward and backward scores and SDMT scores. Err positively correlated with D-CAT net scores and negatively with D-CAT error rate, DST forward and backward scores, and SDMT scores. OA and FA showed no significant correlation with other attention tests.ConclusionThe BReViS test, demonstrating good reliability and validity, assessing not only selective attention but also gauging capacities in immediate memory, information processing speed, visual scanning, and hand-eye coordination. The results are susceptible to demographic variables such as age, gender, and education level.

The effect of simulation of sectional human anatomy using ultrasound on students’ learning outcomes and satisfaction in echocardiography education: a pilot randomized controlled trial

BackgroundEffective teaching methods are needed to improve students’ abilities in hand-eye coordination and understanding of cardiac anatomy in echocardiography education. Simulation devices have emerged as innovative teaching tools and exhibited distinctive advantages due to their ability to provide vivid and visual learning experiences. This study aimed to investigate the effect of simulation of sectional human anatomy using ultrasound on students’ learning outcomes and satisfaction in echocardiography education.MethodsThe study included 18 first-year clinical medical students with no prior echocardiography training. After randomization, they underwent a pre-test to assess basic knowledge. Following this, the students were divided into two groups: traditional teaching (traditional group) and simulation of sectional human anatomy using ultrasound (digital group). Each group received 60 min of instruction. Post-tests were assigned to students at two different time points: immediately after the lecture, and one week later (referred to as post-tests 1, and 2). In addition, anonymous questionnaires were distributed to students after class to investigate their satisfaction with teaching.ResultsBoth groups showed significant improvement in their scores on post-test 1 compared to pre-test (traditional group: from 33.1 ± 8.8 to 48.1 ± 13.1, P = 0.034 vs. digital group: from 35.0 ± 6.7 to 58.0 ± 13.2, P = 0.008). However, there were no significant differences between the two groups in several post-test comparisons. Student satisfaction ratings revealed that the digital group experienced significantly greater satisfaction in areas such as subject interest, teaching style, course alignment, and interaction compared to the traditional group. Additionally, 80% of the digital group strongly endorsed the use of simulation of sectional human anatomy using ultrasound for echocardiography teaching, highlighting its effectiveness.ConclusionsSimulation of sectional human anatomy using ultrasound may improve students’ understanding of echocardiography and satisfaction with the course. Our study provides evidence supporting the use of simulation teaching devices in medical education. Further research is needed to explore the long-term impact of this teaching method on students’ learning outcomes and its integration into the medical curriculum.Trial registrationhttp://www.chictr.org.cn (registration number: ChiCTR2300074015, 27/07/2023).

Reliability of the Hand-Eye Coordination Test among Adults Using a Software: A Longitudinal Follow-up Study

 This study aims to determine the reliability of the hand-eye coordination Software. The integrated control of hand and eye movements, as well as the processing of visual information to support attainment and acquisition and the use of hand proprioception to guide the eyes, are known as hand-eye coordination. Thus, this study aims to determine the reliability of the tests, so the research was conducted thrice with an interval of 6-7 days (test-retest). 28 Young Adults (18- 35 years of age) have participated in the study. The analysis includes finger-pointing tasks performed only with the use of Hand-eye coordination software prepared by the Software engineer.In this Software, Visual targets in the form of a ball then appeared on the screen on the left, on the right, or in the center in random order., and participants were asked to point an index finger of the leading hand as rapidly and precisely as possible at all targets on the screen. After touching the target (indicated by its disappearance), the participant immediately placed his/her hand back in the designated starting position (touchpad).Each participant was required to repeat this finger-pointing task. The accuracy value after 1 minute was recorded and the average accuracy value was calculated and used in the analysis A smaller value indicates greater touch accuracy. In addition, the average reaction time (in milliseconds) was also measured. Based on the data analysis, the reliability score is 0.806 (Cronbach’s Alpha), which indicates a high level of internal Consistency.

Prefrontal cortex activity and functional organisation in dual-task ocular pursuit is affected by concurrent upper limb movement.

Tracking a moving object with the eyes seems like a simple task but involves areas of prefrontal cortex (PFC) associated with attention, working memory and prediction. Increasing the demand on these processes with secondary tasks can affect eye movements and/or perceptual judgments. This is particularly evident in chronic or acute neurological conditions such as Alzheimer's disease or mild traumatic brain injury. Here, we combined near infrared spectroscopy and video-oculography to examine the effects of concurrent upper limb movement, which provides additional afference and efference that facilitates tracking of a moving object, in a novel dual-task pursuit protocol. We confirmed the expected effects on judgement accuracy in the primary and secondary tasks, as well as a reduction in eye velocity when the moving object was occluded. Although there was limited evidence of oculo-manual facilitation on behavioural measures, performing concurrent upper limb movement did result in lower activity in left medial PFC, as well as a change in PFC network organisation, which was shown by Graph analysis to be locally and globally more efficient. These findings extend upon previous work by showing how PFC is functionally organised to support eye-hand coordination when task demands more closely replicate daily activities.

Visualizing simultaneous eye-hand movements in a MATLAB dashboard

Eye-hand coordination (EHC) is crucial to our daily activities, and its underlying mechanisms are being intensely studied. The analysis of simultaneous eye and hand movements can provide valuable insights into EHC, particularly for individuals struggling with dexterous control, such as might be caused by stroke or traumatic brain injuries. Despite advancements in motion-capture and eye tracking technologies, there is currently no automated method for visualizing concurrent eye- and hand-movement data. To address this need, we have developed a MATLAB-based dashboard designed for near instantaneous analysis and visualization of eye and hand-tracking data. This paper introduces the design of the dashboard and presents experimental results obtained from its application, leveraging simulated data inspired by our recent work in stroke. This testing suggests that our solution has the potential to significantly aid in understanding and investigating EHC by providing side-by-side and time-locked comparison of eye/hand movements along with their timing and spatio-temporal errors, offering novel opportunities for research and clinical applications.•Continuous eye movement data is collected throughout the experiment•Continuous hand movement data is collected throughout the experiment•Combine datasets and display time-locked eye-hand data in a single dashboard

The role of learning strategies on object control skills is reviewed from coordination in children

The ability to control objects is an ability that children must master. Mastery of object control is obtained from one of them from the learning process obtained at school. This learning process can provide students with learning strategies. The study aimed to determine the effect of learning strategies and coordination skills on the ability to control objects in children in elementary school. This research method is quasi-experimental, involving 60 male and female students in grade 5, and the sampling technique used is total sampling. The instruments used in this study on object skills used the test of gross motor development 2nd edition subtest. Movement coordination data uses instruments consisting of anthropometry, balance beams, moving sideways, jumping sideways, and eye-hand coordination. The data were analyzed using the two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) technique with the help of SPSS 26. Based on the research findings, the TGfU learning approach group had the best average score of 33.86 among other groups. The conclusions of this study show that the object control ability of students with low coordination is better if given conventional learning strategies than TGfU, as evidenced by a value (p < 0.05). The conclusion that can be drawn from this study is that TGfU learning strategies influence the ability to control objects in children in elementary school, and there is an interaction between coordination and learning strategies.

Reliability and Construct Validity of a Mobile Application for the Finger Tapping Test Evaluation in People with Multiple Sclerosis.

The finger tapping test (FTT) is a tool to evaluate the motor performance of the hand and fingers and eye-hand coordination with applicability in people with multiple sclerosis (pwMS). The aim of this study was to evaluate the intra- and inter-rater reliability of the TappingPro® mobile app and the construct validity between this app and validated clinical scales for motor performance in healthy subjects and pwMS. 42 healthy subjects (mean age 25.05) and 13 pwMS (mean age 51.69, EDSS between 3 and 7.5E) participated. FTT was performed with the TappingPro® mobile app. All participants were examined twice, with a one-week interval between the two appointments. For the analysis of construct validity, the Jamar® hydraulic hand dynamometer, Box and Blocks Test (BBT), and Nine Hole Peg Test (NHPT) were used. The intra-rater reliability showed a good correlation (Intraclass Correlation Coefficient, ICC > 0.787) for both upper limbs and both times of FTT for healthy subjects, and an excellent correlation (ICC > 0.956) for upper limbs and both times of FTT for pwMS. The ICC for the inter-rater reliability was good (ICC = 0.869) for the non-dominant upper limb in the FTT 10 s of the healthy subjects, and excellent (ICC > 0.904) for all the other measurements of the healthy subjects and pwMS. However, the Bland-Altman plots showed disagreement between observers and measurements that should be considered in the interpretation of clinical evaluations. The correlation analysis for healthy subjects showed poor associations between all variables, except for the association between hand grip strength and the FTT 60 s in the non-dominant upper limb, which had a moderate coefficient. For pwMS, there were moderate to excellent associations between BBT and the NHPT and FTT for both upper limbs. The correlations between hand grip strength and FFT were poor. This mobile app could be a useful and low-cost assessment tool in pwMS, allowing a simple evaluation and follow-up that has excellent correlation with clinical scales validated in this pathology.

Optimized reusable modular 3D-printed models of choledochal cyst to simulate laparoscopic and robotic bilioenteric anastomosis

Laparoscopic and robotic surgery is a challenge to the surgeon's hand–eye coordination ability, which requires constant practice. Traditional mentor training is gradually shifting to simulation training based on various models. Laparoscopic and robotic bilioenteric anastomosis is an important and difficult operation in hepatobiliary surgery. We constructed and optimized the reusable modular 3D-printed models of choledochal cyst. The aim of this study was to verify the ability of this optimized model to distinguish between surgeons with different levels of proficiency and the benefits of repeated practice. A total of 12 surgeons with different levels participated in the study. Operation completion time and OSATS score were recorded. The model was validated by Likert scale. Surgeons were shown the steps and contents before performing laparoscopic or robotic bilioenteric anastomosis using the model. Surgeons with different levels of experience showed different levels when performing laparoscopic bilioenteric anastomosis on this model. Repeated training can significantly shorten the time of laparoscopic bilioenteric anastomosis and improve the operation scores of surgeons with different levels of experience. At the same time, preliminary results have shown that the performance of surgeons on the domestic robotic platform was basically consistent with their laparoscopic skills. This model may distinguish surgeons with different levels of experience and may improve surgical skills through repeated practice. It is worth noting that in order to draw more reliable conclusions, more subjects should be collected and more experiments should be done in the future.

Recyclable plastic waste segregation with deep learning based hand-eye coordination

Plastic waste management is a critical concern in municipal solid waste management systems worldwide. Despite the efforts of waste management personnel to segregate waste manually, the existing challenges persist. In municipal waste facilities, individuals responsible for waste segregation face numerous obstacles. Consequently, a significant amount of plastic waste ends up in landfills, exacerbating the plastic waste problem. To overcome these challenges, this research focuses on developing an automated system capable of categorizing plastic waste based on its visual characteristics. The trained model exhibits high precision in identifying various types of plastic waste, including PET, HDPE, PVC, LDPE, PP, and PS. Specifically, the model achieves an Average Precision of 0.917 and an Average Recall of 0.801. Moreover, the model maintains a good balance between precision and recall. In real-time operation, an overhead camera locates the positions of both the waste items and the gripper. By calculating the positional difference between the waste and the gripper, the system achieves a higher level of segregation accuracy, resembling human-like hand-eye coordination. The proposed system offers a solution to the challenges faced in MSW facilities, where the timely segregation of waste is crucial. By automating the plastic waste categorization process, the system can significantly improve waste management practices, leading to a more sustainable approach to plastic waste disposal and recycling.

Functional organization of posterior parietal cortex circuitry based on inferred information flow

Many studies infer the role of neurons by asking what information can be decoded from their activity or by observing the consequences of perturbing their activity. An alternative approach is to consider information flow between neurons. We applied this approach to the parietal reach region (PRR) and the lateral intraparietal area (LIP) in posterior parietal cortex. Two complementary methods imply that across a range of reaching tasks, information flows primarily from PRR to LIP. This indicates that during a coordinated reach task, LIP has minimal influence on PRR and rules out the idea that LIP forms a general purpose spatial processing hub for action and cognition. Instead, we conclude that PRR and LIP operate in parallel to plan arm and eye movements, respectively, with asymmetric interactions that likely support eye-hand coordination. Similar methods can be applied to other areas to infer their functional relationships based on inferred information flow.

1067 Accuracy of an Augmented Reality Spine Surgery Guidance System With Stereoscopic Targeting Head Mounted Display Compared to Standard Computer Navigation, Robotic Systems, and Existing AR Systems

INTRODUCTION: Augmented Reality (AR) offers the benefit of improved hand-eye coordination by accurately superimposing 3D stereoscopic displays for surgical instruments onto anatomic landmarks. METHODS: 120 pedicle screws were implanted using an AR system (OnPoint AR, OnPoint Surgical, Bedford, MA) (thoracic 50, lumbosacral 70; pre-op CT 40, O-arm 80). Heary grading was applied by an independent radiologist assessing the degree of pedicle breaches. 3D measurements of positional error (PE) and angular error (AE) were performed by comparing post-operative CT scans of implanted screws with planned trajectories. Statistical analyses compared PE and AE for OnPoint AR with the available values for other systems using an unequal variance t-test method. RESULTS: 113 screws placed demonstrated Heary grade 1 accuracy. 6 screws had a larger diameter than the pedicle and were planned with in-out-in technique with Heary grade 2 accuracy. One screw demonstrated a lateral breach (grade 2) caused by a loose connection to the screwdriver. PE and AE (mean ± 1SD) for OnPoint AR were the following: for intra-operative spin 1.1mm±0.5mm and 1.3°±0.5°; for pre-operative CT 1.9mm±1.2mm and 2.2°±1.3°. Percent increment in PE and AE for Medtronic Stealth Station, Brainlab navigation, Stryker nav3i, Medtronic Mazor X robot, Globus Excelsius robot, Augmedics Xvision, and Novarad VisAR compared to OnPoint AR ranged between 40–80%, with differences being highly significant for all comparisons. CONCLUSIONS: PE and AE for placing pedicle screws are statistically significantly smaller for the novel AR system compared to existing navigation, robotic, and AR systems. A positional error of 1.1mm and angular error of 1.3° makes this technology particularly suited for small pedicles, challenging anatomy, and MIS techniques.

THE INFLUENCE OF ENDURANCE, AGILITY AND EYE, HAND AND FEET COORDINATION ON LEARNING OUTCOMES OF RHYTHMIC MOVEMENTS IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION

Abstract the purpose of this study was to determine whether there is a direct influence between endurance (X1), agility (X2), and eye, hand and feet coordination (X3) on the learning outcomes of rhythmic motion (Y) in physical education. The research method used is a quantitative approach with test and non-test techniques, while the analysis technique uses a path analysis approach or path analysis. The rhythmic motion test instrument uses a test instrument that the researchers developed based on an instrument grid that refers to theoretical studies. To measure agility, the test that will be used is the shuttle run test. The coordination test uses the Hand and Foot Eye Coordination Test Instrument from Sridadi. The population in this study were all students of class VIII SMPN 1 Napabalano. Sampling was done by means of total sampling. The sample in this study was class VIII students of SMPN 1 Napabalano, totaling 116 students. Data analysis techniques were carried out through two stages of analysis, namely descriptive and inferential data analysis. Based on the results of data analysis and hypothesis testing from research data, the variables of endurance, agility, eye, hand and feet coordination have a significant effect on the learning outcomes of rhythmic motion for class VIII students of SMPN 1 Napabalano.

Pathways from the superior colliculus and the nucleus of the optic tract to the posterior parietal cortex in macaque monkeys: Functional frameworks for representation updating and online movement guidance.

The posterior parietal cortex (PPC) integrates multisensory and motor-related information for generating and updating body representations and movement plans. We used retrograde transneuronal transfer of rabies virus combined with a conventional tracer in macaque monkeys to identify direct and disynaptic pathways to the arm-related rostral medial intraparietal area (MIP), the ventral lateral intraparietal area (LIPv), belonging to the parietal eye field, and the pursuit-related lateral subdivision of the medial superior temporal area (MSTl). We found that these areas receive major disynaptic pathways via the thalamus from the nucleus of the optic tract (NOT) and the superior colliculus (SC), mainly ipsilaterally. NOT pathways, targeting MSTl most prominently, serve to process the sensory consequences of slow eye movements for which the NOT is the key sensorimotor interface. They potentially contribute to the directional asymmetry of the pursuit and optokinetic systems. MSTl and LIPv receive feedforward inputs from SC visual layers, which are potential correlates for fast detection of motion, perceptual saccadic suppression and visual spatial attention. MSTl is the target of efference copy pathways from saccade- and head-related compartments of SC motor layers and head-related reticulospinal neurons. They are potential sources of extraretinal signals related to eye and head movement in MSTl visual-tracking neurons. LIPv and rostral MIP receive efference copy pathways from all SC motor layers, providing online estimates of eye, head and arm movements. Our findings have important implications for understanding the role of the PPC in representation updating, internal models for online movement guidance, eye-hand coordination and optic ataxia.

Training of young medical professionals: implementation of modern training concepts, taking into account the changed framework conditions for training-a pilot project for operational subjects.

For years, generations of medical students have complained that practice-oriented learning is neglected in medical studies. Further training assistants also complain about limited opportunities to learn subject-specific practical activities. We are presenting a pilot project at the University Women's Hospital in Homburg, in which medical students complete an endoscopic hands-on course as part of the block internship gynaecology and obstetrics. During the course the students perform classic skills training and hand-eye coordination exercises and learn the first steps in endoscopic suturing (suture and rows of knots). The training concepts used can be implemented on simple boxing trainers and can therefore also be reproduced in clinics or in a private setting. Altogether, 73 medical students did participate in the laparoscopy course. We were able to prove that the knotting time for a simple knot can be reduced from an average of 247s to 40s (80%) after completing our training programme. Based on the evaluation sheet that the students filled out after the course, we found a very-high acceptance for surgical simulation training within the student cohort. Practical surgical exercises can complement the curriculum well and, as we can show with our work, are rated very positively by the students. For students in higher semesters, such practical courses can also provide an insight into the respective subject area and thus counteract the lack of skilled workers in surgical subjects. The practical year should not be the first contact with these practical courses, as at this timepoint a certain favoured subject has often already being chosen by the students.

Effectiveness of head-mounted ultrasound display for radial arterial catheterisation in paediatric patients by anaesthesiology trainees: A randomised clinical trial.

The effectiveness of head mounted real-time ultrasound displays (hereafter referred to as 'smart glasses') in improving hand-eye coordination in less experienced individuals, such as trainees in anaesthesia, is unclear. To compare the first-attempt success rate of smart glasses-assisted ultrasound-guided paediatric radial artery catheterisation with conventional ultrasound guided catheterisation performed by anaesthesiology trainees. Prospective randomised controlled trial. Tertiary university hospital from September 2021 to February 2023. One hundred and twenty-two paediatric patients (age <7 years, weight ≥3 kg) who required radial artery cannulation during general anaesthesia. The participants were randomly assigned to either the ultrasound screen group (control) or the smart glasses group prior to radial artery catheterisation. The primary outcome was the first attempt success rate. Secondary outcomes included the number of attempts, use of transfixion technique, overall complication rate, and clinical anaesthesiology (CA) year of the operators. A total of 119 paediatric patients were included in the analysis. The smart glasses group exhibited higher first-attempt success rate than did the control group (89.8% [53/59] vs. 71.7% [43/60]; P = 0.023; odds ratio (OR) 3.49; (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.27-9.6). The overall number of attempts [median, 1; interquartile range (IQR), 1-1; range, 1-3 vs. median, 1; IQR, 1-2; range, 1-4; P  = 0.006], use of transfixion technique (12/59 [20.3%] vs. 28/60 [46.7%]; P = 0.002), and overall complication rate (6.8% [4/59] vs. 30.0% [18/60]; P = 0.002) were lower in the smart glasses group than in the control group. However, among paediatric anaesthesiology fellows (CA 5 years), the first- (89.3% [25/28] vs. 80.8% [21/26]; P = 0.619) and second-attempt success rates (96.4% [27/28] vs. 80.8% [21/26]; P = 0.163) did not differ between the two groups. Smart glasses-assisted ultrasound guided radial artery catheterisation improved the first attempt success rate among anaesthesiology trainees, reducing the number of attempts and overall complication rates in small paediatric patients. Smart glasses were more effective for anaesthesia residents (CA 2-4 years) but were not effective for paediatric anaesthesiology fellows (CA 5 years). ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT05030649; registered 1 September 2021; principal investigator, Prof. Jin-Tae Kim) (https://classic.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05030649).

The role of perception-action coupling in badminton-specific vision training: A narrative review

Background and Study Aim. Badminton is a sport characterized by intense competition and rapid pace, necessitating exceptional hand-eye coordination, mental sharpness, and visual acuity from its players. Rapid interchanges and complex shot combinations highlight the imperative for players to maintain heightened concentration and exhibit quick decision-making capabilities. Given these demands, visual training has emerged as an indispensable tool for enhancing athletic ability in badminton. Aim. The study aims to examine the underlying theories of perception-action coupling, investigates various vision training methods for badminton, and evaluates research on their effects on players’ perception-action coupling. Material and Methods. This study employs a narrative review methodology. We conducted an extensive literature search across diverse sources, using keywords like “badminton,” “perception-action coupling,” and “vision training.” The selection of studies was based on relevance to our research objectives, encompassing various study designs, including primary research, reviews, and expert opinions, facilitating a flexible and coherent synthesis of findings, enabling the exploration of context, significance, and implications within the area of the review while highlighting key insights and emerging trends. Results. Several factors can influence a player’s perception-action coupling abilities in badminton, such as their level of expertise and training background. Expert players exhibit better perception-action coupling abilities than their less skilled counterparts. Additionally, several studies have investigated the impact of vision training techniques on perception-action coupling in badminton, revealing improvements in various visual skills crucial for performance. Conclusions. The study explored the pivotal role of perception-action coupling in the context of vision training tailored for badminton players.

The Effect of Simple Drawing Stimulation on Hand-Eye Coordination in 7-8 Years Children with Mental Retardation in Banyumas Regency

Background : The development of hand-eye coordination in children with mental retardation duffers from that of typically developing children. Stimulation is needed to enhance the development of hand-eye coordination. Objective : To prove the effect of simple drawing stimulation on hand-eye coordination in children with mental retardation aged 7-8 years in Banyumas regency. Methods : This quantitative research used a quasi-eksperimental designs with a non-equivalent control group. The respondents in study were children with mental retardation aged 7-8 years in Banyumas regency. The sample cosisted of 32 children, with 16 children in experiment group and 16 in control group, selected using the total sampling technique. Results : Most children with mental retardation had Down Syndrome, accounting for 13 (41%) out of 32 children. Based on the level of mental retardation, mild mental retardation was the most common, with 20 (63%) out of 32 children. Most children were 7 years old, totaling 19 (59%) and the majority were male, with 22 (69%). The results of this study show a significant effect of simple drawing stimulation on hand-eye coordination os indicated by paired sample t-test for both experimental group (0,005) and the control group (0,001) (p ? 0.005). The independent sampel test also  yielded a significant value (0,121) (p ? 0,005). Conclusion : Simple drawing stimulation affects the development of hand-eye coordination with a significant value 0,001 (p ? 0.005).

Effect of Postural Training in Improving Hand Eye Coordination in Autism Children - An Interventional Study

Autism is one of the major developmental delays that affect the children at an early age. It presents as a series of motor and sensory impairments that constantly needs adjustment in posture. Evaluation of motor skills and enhancing it quite often results in postural adjustment. The primary objective of this current study is to investigate the effect of postural training exercises prior to administration of motor activities in improving the hand eye coordination to perform upper limb tasks. The study was a randomised control trial that included children of both sexes with a diagnosis of autism between the age group of 5 and 10. All the participants of the study underwent the pre-test assessment of Gross motor skill and fine motor skill and were entered in the data sheet as pre-test score. The children’s Gross motor skill and Fine Motor Skill were assessed through Box and Block test and 25 grooved peg board test respectively. The test was performed for the dominant hand of the participant. The participants in control group underwent the motor and fine motor activities for a period of 30 minutes each session on alternate days for 8 weeks. The participants in experimental group received postural stability exercises along with these activities. At the end of 8 weeks the results of the study showed significant improvement in the experimental group. The study concluded that postural stability exercises prior to the activities improved the motor and fine motor skill of the autism children. Keywords: Autism, Postural Exercises in autism children, Hand eye coordination, Postural instability.

Development of a promotional media model using puzzle media as an effort to increase knowledge of dental and oral health maintenance in Preschool Children

Background: Efforts to increase the knowledge of society in general and school children in particular can be carried out through the Communication, Information and Education (KIE) program. Learning while playing is an effective method for children to increase their knowledge. The media used varies greatly, from oral, singing, printed or written media, games such as snakes and ladders and puzzles, to electronic media such as television and the internet. Puzzles are an interesting game for children, because basically children like attractive colored images. Puzzles can train finger dexterity and hand-eye coordination, as well as the cognitive concept of matching shapes and parts to wholes. Objective: To determine the effect of Health Promotion using puzzle media in increasing preschool children's dental health knowledge. Method: This study used a one group pretest and posttest design by providing treatment and measuring preschool children's knowledge before and after treatment. Results: The results of the analysis obtained a significance value of &lt;0.05. Conclusion: There is an influence of puzzle media in increasing the knowledge and dental hygiene of preschool children.

Hand Function and Hand-Eye Coordination in Cervical Conditions – A Cross Sectional Study

Background of the study: Cervical Conditions are most common orthopaedic condition that may affect a large number of people. It compresses the nerve roots and may cause muscle weakness, numbness and loss of fine movements of the upper limbs.  Hand Functions are movements of the hand and Hand eye coordination is the coordination of motor and visual inputs to produce a movement. This study helps to find out whether the hand function and hand eye coordination are affected in Cervical Conditions. Aim: Aim of this study is to find whether the hand function and hand eye coordination are affected in Cervical Conditions. Method: A total number of 212 subjects with cervical pain were screened for the study inclusion criteria and 132 subjects were selected for the study. The assessment of hand function, hand-eye coordination skills and shoulder disability were carried out for all the Subjects. NDI scale was used to evaluate the subject’s severity of pain and the associated disability among the samples. Hand function we evaluated using Purdue pegboard. Ball Tossing Task and Wall Ball Bounce Task were done to assess the Hand eye coordination. Results: On assessing the correlation between NDI and PURDUE, the results obtained on analysis is -0.108, which shows a negative relationship between the variables. The non-parametric correlation analysis using the spearman’s rho between the Neck disability index (NDI) with the PURDUE is -0.053, which shows a negative relationship between the variables. On assessing the correlation between NDI and Hand-Eye Task-1, the results obtained on analysis is -0.0081, which shows a negative relationship between the variables and the non-parametric correlation analysis is -0.162, which shows a negative relationship between the variables. On assessing the correlation between NDI and Hand-Eye Task-2, the results obtained on analysis is -0.023, which shows a negative relationship between the variables and the non-parametric correlation analysis is -0.092, which shows a negative relationship between the variables. Discussion: The purpose of the study is to find whether the hand function and hand eye coordination are affected in Cervical Conditions. Conclusion: This study concludes that the hand function and hand eye coordination are not affected in Cervical Conditions.